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Showing posts with label HIstory. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HIstory. Show all posts

Nov 14, 2019

9:17 PM

BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE: STUPAS


INTRODUCTION 

  1. Stupas are basically hemispherical domes.
  2. Initially the were very ir-regular.
  3. But ashoka thought to make huge stone dome covered by bricks and well decorated.
  4. Though he also placed pillars all over india indicating dharm . 

THREE TYPES OF STUPA 

A stupa is a sacred Buddhist monument built of stone shaped like a pyramid or dome. The form originated in India and was later adopted in many countries in Central, East, and South East Asia. Three types of stupa are shown here (from left to right): Gorin-tou, Hou-tou, and Houkyouin-tou. The Gorin-tou is made up of five pieces of stone, each representing (from the top downwards) one of the five elements: Space, Earth, Fire, Wind, Water. Viewed from above, the Hou-tou has a square roof and is usually decorated with an ornament on top. The Houkyouin-tou is named after the religious text, or sutra, "Houkyou indarani" offered by devotees in China. The design is also found in Japan in the Kamakura period. "Tou" means "tower".
buddhist-architecture-stupas-and-ashoka-india

Located within a 24 km (15 mi) radius of Sanchi, the sandstone hills are well furnished with important archaeological sites, but the best preserved of these is the Great Stupa on the Sanchi hill. The Great Stupa is a concrete dome of stone and brick, 37 meters (121 ft) in diameter and 17 meters (56 ft) high, surrounded by a raised roof at its base and surrounded by a stone bastrade. is. At the top of the dome is a platform, or altar, which supports another buster and is crowned by the sacred chhatra. Toranas (large, heavily carved gates) stand at each of the four corners at the base of the dome. It is believed that Emperor Ashoka started the construction of the mound in the third century BC and it was developed until the first century AD (see Indian Art and Architecture). Sanchi remained important for 1,000 years, but was eventually abandoned. Music and errand, Sanchi was exposed in the early 19th century. Its cultural and historical significance was acknowledged in 1989 when it was declared a World Heritage Site. 

Great Stupa, Sanchi

The great stupa at Sanchi in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh was built in the third century BC. And was built between the early advertising of the first century. The concrete temple is surrounded by an outer stone fence surrounded by pylons (gates). Devotees surround the dome, which represents the world mountain. A harika (four-sided enclosure) above the dome represents the sky and surrounds the Yasti, a spire with three chatras (discs) that represent the axis of the universe.

  1. It was made of hemispherical dome and bricks were layed on it.
  2. A fencing was also given which was called vedika.
  3. 4 gateways were also given on 4 cardinal points of fencing.
  4. Idea of gateway was taken from bamboo gate ways of aryan village.
buddhist-architecture-stupas-and-ashoka-india

CARVINGS ON THE GREAT STUPA 

Intricate relief carvings, depicting elephants, horses, camels, and human figures decorate the gateways (a detail of which is shown here) to the Great Stupa at Sanchi.
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Oct 21, 2019

9:22 AM

VIJAYANAGARA - CITY OF VICTORY


INTRODUCTION 

  1. Vijaynagar is also called “city of victory” from its name vijaya meaning “victory” and nagara meaning “city". Presently known as Hampi. 
  2. Vijaynagar empire (1350-1565) was founded by Harihar and Bukka also called the Sangama brothers. It is situated on the bank of Tungabhadra river. 
  3. Its power peaked under Krishnadevaraya (1509-29), when it controlled nearly the whole of the peninsula south of the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. 
  4. A number of temples, monuments, palaces and other structures were built during this period.

vijaynagara-city-of-victory-indian-architecture-dravadian-south-indian


ARCHITECTURE 

  1. Vijaynagar style of art is a combination of the Cholas, Pandyas, Chalukya-Hoysala and the Indo-Islamic art of the Bijapur region.
  2. Its stylistic hallmark is the ornate pillared Kalyanamantapa (marriage hall), Vasanthamantapa (open pillared halls) and the Rayagopura (tower).
  3. Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving of large monolithic sculptures.
  4. Vijayanagar architects concentrated on building enormous halls however many additions were made to existing temples in an effort to enlarge them rather than construct them. 

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DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPLE COMPLEX


  1. Concentric series of rectangular enclosure walls with the gopuras (towered gateways) in the middle of each side and main temple in the center.
  2. Gopurams became taller with enhanced richness in the sculptural details.
  3. Absence of mortar in their construction.
  4. Distinct scheme of decoration in terms of architectural space.
  5. Another major feature is the carved pillars - with the rearing simhas (lions), yalis (lions with elephant trunks.
  6. The spacious mandapams became even larger .
vijaynagara-city-of-victory-indian-architecture-dravadian-south-indian

  1. Decorative friezes were utilized on the plinth moulding, caves, gopuras, pillars etc.
  2. Separate shrines were also made like the Amman shrine ,usually north west to the temple to keep an image of the consort if deity.
  3. The construction of several mandapas, the Kalyana mandapa being the most conspicuous among them, was a notable feature of the period.
  4. It was usually north west to the main temple.
  5. The pillars had been adorned with characters of Indian mythology.
vijaynagara-city-of-victory-indian-architecture-dravadian-south-indian

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Oct 16, 2019

9:25 PM

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A TEMPLE AND A MOSQUE



TEMPLE

  1. Abode of mystery.
  2. In no time a phantom of darkness with dim cells surrounds it.
  3. The focal point is a sacred chamber deep within the labyrinth of its endless corridors.
  4. Complex and determined.
  5. The walls are pulsed with imagination.
  6. Inscription art is rare. Economography and carved motif composition.
  7. The natural markings and textures of the stone have a vivid and colorful effect depending on the shape.
  8. Orientation EV
  9. against. Theory - Trotter
  10. Dry masonry
  11. The horizon
  12. Architecture is almost entirely confined to temples.

differences-between-temple-and-mosque-mughal-india



MOSQUE

  1. Clarity of mosque
  2. Courts open to light and air with many doorways inviting publicity
  3. No need of a central shrine
  4. Wholly visible and intelligible
  5. Representation of natural forms is prohibited
  6. Decorative lettering in sculptured texts
  7. Broke up the wall surfaces in patterns of diffrent colored marble painted plaster, glazed tiles
  8. Orientation towards Mecca
  9. Mortar masonry
  10. Skyline- Dome
differences-between-temple-and-mosque-mughal-india
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BUILDING TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE  
  1. MOSQUES
  2. TOMBS
  3. CITIES
  4. FORTS
  5. GARDENS
  6. TOWN GATES
  7. PAVILIONS
THE ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 
  • DOMES

differences-between-temple-and-mosque-mughal-india
  • ARCHES
differences-between-temple-and-mosque-mughal-india
  • MINARETS
  • SQUINCH
  • ARABESQUE



differences-between-temple-and-mosque-mughal-india


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5:24 AM

MALWA - THE CITIES OF DHAR AND MANDU


INTRODUCTION


  1. Malwa – a region towards the west center of the country.
  2. The provincial style of Indo-Islamic architecture in Malwa speaks of 2 cities- Dhar and Mandu.


MANDU – THE CITY OF JOY 


  1. Alp khan gauri laid the foundation of the most grand and dramatic forts of islamic arch.
  2. Was made the capital for security reasons
  3. An area of 31sq.Km. Within fortress walls over 25miles in circumference .      


malwa-cities-of-dhar-and-mandu-indo-islamic-Architecture-madhyapradesh

Salient features 

Monuments at Dhar and Mandu have various elements derived from various styles of buildings at Delhi such as, Battered walls and pointed arch with spear-head “fringe” of early Tughlaqs Arch-lintel-bracket combination of Firuz, forming it out of the temple materials “Boat-keel” dome and pyramidal roof of Lodis. 
Combining two structural systems of arch with pillar and beam,forming out of temple material .
Long and stately flights of steps leading to their entrances. 
Elements of colour Polychromatic ornamentation. Colour effect obtained by 2 methods 
  • Coloured stones & marbles 
  • Encaustic tiles have been used 
Material Actual masonry is of sandstone of lovely red shade, obtained from adjacent quarries of Bijawar. 
White marble was used as an overlay. Black, yellow, slate colours and in the interiors, semi-precious stones such as jasper, agate & cornelian have also been used. The most colouristic effect was obtained by glazing. 
Borders and panels in patterns of strong but harmonious blues and yellows painted on tiles. 

 Important monuments of Malwa
  1. Jami Masjid (1440 A.D.)
  2. Tomb of Hushang Shah (1440 A.D.)
  3. Ashrafi Mahal
  4. Royal Palace Complex
  5. Chanderi Kushk Mahal (1445 A.D.)
JAMI MASJID 
  1. Begun by Hoshang Shah, son of Dilawar Khan Ghuri & finished by his successor Sultan Mahmud I about 1440A.D.
  2. 2 subsidiary entrances on the northern side also for the use of priest & zenana.
  3. Entrance hall bears Coloured borders and panels in glazed tiles.
  4. The pillared halls on north & south sides are 3 aisles deep, that on east is 2 aisles deep while that on west has 5 aisles.
  5. Covers a sq. of 288’ side and on its eastern front, it is prolonged another 100’ by a projecting domed entrance hall & a wide flight of steps.
  6. Courtyard (162’ sq.) is surrounded by domed arcades, 11 openings in each side.
malwa-cities-of-dhar-and-mandu-indo-islamic-Architecture-madhyapradesh

malwa-cities-of-dhar-and-mandu-indo-islamic-Architecture-madhyapradesh

  1. The domed turrets and piers are those of Firuzian style but the arches retain the ogee profile.
  2. Sanctuary has 3 large domes and the entire formation of the roof is covered with cylindrical cupolas, one being placed over each bay of the interior
  3. Sculptured mihrabs at regular intervals in the qibla wall,& an elegantly designed member in the central bay.
  4. The domes of the Jami masjid’s prayer hall, echoing that of the entrance pavilion, are in turn echoed by Hoshang Shah’s tomb beyond the qibla.
TOMB OF HUSHANG SHAH
  1. Built by Hushang shah Ghuri in 1440.
  2. Completed by his successor Mahmud Khalji.
  3. Whole building is a square structure on a broad plinth, surmounted by a large central dome with a cupola at each corner.
  4. Situated on the west wall of Jami Masjid.
  5. Stands in the centre of a square enclosure.
  6. Domed portico on north side of enclosure.
  7. Pillared cloister along the west side, for devotions and accommodations.
  8. Triple openings on two of its sides.
  9. Central archway on the south providing the doorway.
malwa-cities-of-dhar-and-mandu-indo-islamic-Architecture-madhyapradesh


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