INTRODUCTION 

1. Concentric series of rectangular enclosure walls with the gopuras (towered gateways) in the middle of each side and main temple in the center.
2. Gopurams became taller with enhanced richness in the sculptural details.
3. Absence of mortar in their construction.
4. Distinct scheme of decoration in terms of architectural space.
5. Another major feature is the carved pillars - with the rearing simhas (lions), yalis (lions with elephant trunks.
6. The spacious mandapams became even larger .

1. Decorative friezes were utilized on the plinth moulding, caves, gopuras, pillars etc.
2. Separate shrines were also made like the Amman shrine ,usually north west to the temple to keep an image of the consort if deity.
3. The construction of several mandapas, the Kalyana mandapa being the most conspicuous among them, was a notable feature of the period.
4. It was usually north west to the main temple.
5. The pillars had been adorned with characters of Indian mythology.

INTRODUCTION

One of the most refined and finished manifestations of indian architecture in the indo-aryan style is found in a group of temples at khajuraho in central india. These temples have weathered the climate for a thousand years but still stand well preserved and in a good condition .Situated over a hundred miles south-east of the town of jhansi, these temples are over thirty in number,most of them occupying a site measuring a square mile in extent.


HISTORY OF KHAJURAHO 


Two rajput families the pratihara dynasty(8th-11th century) and the chandela dynasty(10th-13th century), from west india advanced into the northern and centeral parts of india and established their kingdoms khajuraho, later called bundelkhand was the capital of chandela dynasty. once there were 85 beautiful temples but now only 30 are left.

1. The temple, in general, stands on a jagrati (terraces) which in a number of cases had karnaprasadas (subsidiary shrines at corners). 
2. Sometimes a smaller shrine faces the main temple, the former containing the vahana ( vehicle) or avatara (incarnation), or the devi of the diety enshrined in the latter.
3. The garbhgraha is its pivot from where the temple expands horizontally. On the talacchanda(ground plan) and vertically on the urdhvacchanda( elevation).
4. The general plan has a mandapa infront of the garbhgraha, the ardha -mandapa( entrance portico) and the mukhacatuski (porch) facing the whole. 

subsidiary shrines at corners

THE VARIOUS TEMPLES OF KHAJURAHO

INTRODUCTION - 

1. AutoCAD 360 viewer
2. Sketch up viewer
3. Revit file viewer
4. Photoshop file viewer

AutoCAD 360 viewer - 
This is also a software of Auto desk company . Company developed It for mobile phone and tablets . In AutoCAD 360 mobile , we can view our files in it and can make some corrections . Persons who can't give more time in office , it will be more useful for them. We can download it from google play store .

‌Sketch up Viewer - 
‌A360 viewer - 
This is also developed by Auto desk . It can use for open our Revit files. Dwg , Rvt etc files can be opened in it . Rivet is also 3d software of Autodesk company like 3ds Max .We can download it from google play store .

1. Abode of mystery.
2. In no time a phantom of darkness with dim cells surrounds it.
3. The focal point is a sacred chamber deep within the labyrinth of its endless corridors.
4. Complex and determined.
5. The walls are pulsed with imagination.
6. Inscription art is rare. Economography and carved motif composition.
7. The natural markings and textures of the stone have a vivid and colorful effect depending on the shape.
8. Orientation EV
9. against. Theory - Trotter
10. Dry masonry
11. The horizon
12. Architecture is almost entirely confined to temples.

1. Clarity of mosque
2. Courts open to light and air with many doorways inviting publicity
3. No need of a central shrine
4. Wholly visible and intelligible
5. Representation of natural forms is prohibited
6. Decorative lettering in sculptured texts
7. Broke up the wall surfaces in patterns of diffrent colored marble painted plaster, glazed tiles
8. Orientation towards Mecca
9. Mortar masonry
10. Skyline- Dome

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BUILDING TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE  

1. MOSQUES
2. TOMBS
3. CITIES
4. FORTS
5. GARDENS
6. TOWN GATES
7. PAVILIONS

THE ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 

• DOMES

ARCHES

MINARETS SQUINCH ARABESQUE

INTRODUCTION

1. Malwa – a region towards the west center of the country.
2. The provincial style of Indo-Islamic architecture in Malwa speaks of 2 cities- Dhar and Mandu.

MANDU – THE CITY OF JOY 

1. Alp khan gauri laid the foundation of the most grand and dramatic forts of islamic arch.
2. Was made the capital for security reasons
3. An area of 31sq.Km. Within fortress walls over 25miles in circumference .      

Salient features 
 Important monuments of Malwa

1. Jami Masjid (1440 A.D.)
2. Tomb of Hushang Shah (1440 A.D.)
3. Ashrafi Mahal
4. Royal Palace Complex
5. Chanderi Kushk Mahal (1445 A.D.)

JAMI MASJID 

1. Begun by Hoshang Shah, son of Dilawar Khan Ghuri & finished by his successor Sultan Mahmud I about 1440A.D.
2. 2 subsidiary entrances on the northern side also for the use of priest & zenana.
3. Entrance hall bears Coloured borders and panels in glazed tiles.
4. The pillared halls on north & south sides are 3 aisles deep, that on east is 2 aisles deep while that on west has 5 aisles.
5. Covers a sq. of 288’ side and on its eastern front, it is prolonged another 100’ by a projecting domed entrance hall & a wide flight of steps.
6. Courtyard (162’ sq.) is surrounded by domed arcades, 11 openings in each side.

1. The domed turrets and piers are those of Firuzian style but the arches retain the ogee profile.
2. Sanctuary has 3 large domes and the entire formation of the roof is covered with cylindrical cupolas, one being placed over each bay of the interior
3. Sculptured mihrabs at regular intervals in the qibla wall,& an elegantly designed member in the central bay.
4. The domes of the Jami masjid’s prayer hall, echoing that of the entrance pavilion, are in turn echoed by Hoshang Shah’s tomb beyond the qibla.

TOMB OF HUSHANG SHAH

1. Built by Hushang shah Ghuri in 1440.
2. Completed by his successor Mahmud Khalji.
3. Whole building is a square structure on a broad plinth, surmounted by a large central dome with a cupola at each corner.
4. Situated on the west wall of Jami Masjid.
5. Stands in the centre of a square enclosure.
6. Domed portico on north side of enclosure.
7. Pillared cloister along the west side, for devotions and accommodations.
8. Triple openings on two of its sides.
9. Central archway on the south providing the doorway.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Jahangir'tomb

1. There is huge 1,500ft.(457.3m.)Square garden within which the tomb is set.
2. The ground covers 55 acres & are laid out in the classical charbagh pattern with bisecting perpendicular paths.
3. It is divided into 16 equal squares with a fountain & a pool to mark each intersection.
4. The entire structure constructed by brick with applied colour surfaces. 
5. At each corner of which are planted 100 ft high minarets.  
6. The central octagonal chamber is separated from the outer surrounding arcades by walls 19 m thick.

INTRODUCTION

1. The tomb sits at the center of a plinth, about 21feet (7m) high.
2. The top of its central dome reaches 140 feet from the ground.
3. The dome is double-layered; the outer layer supports the white marble exterior facing, while the inner one defines the cavernous interior volume. The rest of the tomb is clad in red sandstone, with white marble ornamentation .

Built with red sandstone and marble, it has a dome and became the prototype for Mughal mausoleums. In true Persian style, there is an iwan in the centre of each side. The shape of the mausoleum is square, a sign of the influence of Jain architecture on the Mughals. Also called a cenotaph, the actual tomb is in a basement under a chamber. This concept was brought down from central Asia by Mughals, who are Mongol descendants. 

  Humayun's Tomb. Similar to the Taj Mahal in purpose, however as mentioned earlier this tomb was built by the wife for her husband, the king. It inspired several major architectural innovations, culminating in the construction of the Taj Mahal. Notice the people standing in the center of the picture at the base of the tomb.

PLAN

INTRODUCTION

Discovered in 1856 A.D., When a railway track between Karachi and Lahore was being laid.Two great cities were discovered


1. HARRAPA excavated by Madho Sarup Vats in Punjab

2. MOHEN-JO-DARO by Sir John Marshal on the Indus River

INTRODUCTION